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Pictorials

Graphical projection is a protocol by which an image of an imaginary three-dimensional object is projected onto a plane surface without the aid of mathematical calculation. The projection is achieved by the use of imaginary "projectors". more...

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The projected, mental image becomes the technicianâ€™s vision of the desired, finished picture. By following the protocol the technician may produce the envisioned picture on a plane surface such as drawing paper. The protocols provide a uniform imaging procedure among people trained in technical graphics (mechanical drawing, computer aided design, etc.).

Graphical projection contains three broad categories each with its own protocol: orthographic (for protocol, see orthographic projection), oblique (for protocol see oblique projection) and perspective (for protocol, see perspective projection).

Orthographic projection

Orthographic projection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry and may produce an image of a specified, imaginary object as viewed from any direction of space. It is distinguished by parallel projectors from the imaged object and which intersect a plane of projection at right-angles. It is the projection type of choice for working drawings.

Pictorials

Within orthographic projection there is an ancillary category known as pictorials. Pictorials show an image of an object as viewed from a skew direction in order to reveal all three directions (axes) of space in one picture. Orthographic pictorial, rote, instrument drawings are often used to approximate graphical perspective projections, but there is attendant distortion in the approximation. Because Pictorial projections innately contain this distortion, in the rote, instrument drawing of Pictorials, great liberties may then be taken for economy of effort and best effect. Orthographic pictorials rely upon the technique of axonometric ("to measure along axes") projection.

A characteristic of axonometric projections/drawing is, one axis of space usually displays as vertical.

There are three categories of Pictorials within axonometric projection/drawing: isometric, diametric and trimetric.

Isometric

In isometric pictorials (for protocols see isometric projection), the direction of viewing is such that the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened, of which the displayed angles among them and also the scale of foreshortening are universally known. However in creating a final, isometric instrument drawing, in most cases a full-size scale, i.e., without using a foreshortening factor, is employed to good effect because the resultant distortion is difficult to perceive.